clinicopathological study of urethritis in males

To determine the etiology and frequency of different types of urethritis in adult males. A case series. The Dermatology Department of PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from June 2004 to December 2007. One hundred male patients having complaints of urethral discharge and dysuria reporting in the skin OPD were included in the study. Patients who had received systemic treatment for their complaints and those who had other systemic infections were excluded. A detailed history including history of sexual contact was taken. Dermatological examination including examination of external genitalia was also performed. All these patients were subjected to complete physical examination, complete urine examination, urethral pus for gram staining and culture, endo-urethral swab with urethral loop for seeing Chlamydia antigen by fluorescent microscopy, cultures for ureaplasma and Wet mount specimen microscopy for trichomonas along with HIV [serum ELISA] test. Non-gonococcal urethritis was diagnosed on the presence of more than five polymorphonuclear leucocytes per high power field in at least five fields of Gram stained urethral smear, in the absence of Gram negative diplococci. The mean age was 29.2 +/- 5.8 years. Seventy [70%] cases were diagnosed as gonococcal urethritis and 30 [30%] cases as non-gonococcal urethritis [NGU]. History of illicit sexual exposure was available in 25 [25%] patients. The interval period between initiation of symptoms and reporting of patient in gonococcal urethritis was 4 to 30 days [mean 12.8 days] and 4 days to 2 months [mean 20.7 days] in non-gonococcal urethritis. The patients with gonococcal urethritis presented with purulent discharge in 66 [84%] cases, and dysuria in 49 [70%] cases. In the NGU group, 25 [80%] cases had mucoid discharge and 18 [65%] had dysuria. in 70%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated, Chlamydia trachomatis in 16%, ureaplasma in 8%, and Trichomonas vaginalis in 4%. No organism could be detected in 2% cases. HIV test was negative in all cases. Gonococcal urethritis was the commonest urethritis seen followed by Chlamydia infection in the studied group of adult males

Diagnóstico de Mycoplasma genitalium por amplificación de los genes MgPa y ARN ribosomal 16S / Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium by MgPa and rRNA 16S gene amplification

OBJETIVO: El microorganismo Mycoplasma genitalium se ha relacionado con la uretritis no gonocócica (UNG). La técnica de PCR se ha convertido en el principal método de detección de este patógeno. En consecuencia, debe aplicarse un método de diagnóstico mediante la amplificación de fragmentos de ADN por la técnica PCR. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron los cebadores MGF-MGR y MgPaF-MgPaR, complementarios de los genes de ARNr 16S y MgPa de M. genitalium, respectivamente. Se efectuaron ensayos de especificidad y sensibilidad y se estudiaron muestras clínicas. RESULTADOS: La PCR con cada grupo de cebadores utilizado fue específica sólo para M. genitalium y la sensibilidad fue mayor con el grupo de cebadores MGF-MGR. En el estudio de 34 muestras clínicas, 18.5 por ciento fue positivo a M. genitalium y se encontró un mayor número de muestras positivas al utilizar los cebadores MgPaF-MgPaR. CONCLUSIONES: Debe aplicarse en la práctica clínica el diagnóstico de M. genitalium mediante la amplificación del ADN por PCR en los pacientes con UNG.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Diagnosis by PCR has become the primary detection method for this organism. Thus, diagnosis by DNA amplification using the PCR technique should be utilized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GMF/GMR and MgpF/MgpR primer pairs, complementary to the M. genitalium 16S rRNA and MgPa genes, respectively, were selected. Specificity and sensibility assays were conducted and clinical samples were studied. RESULTS: The PCR with each primer pair was specific only for M. genitalium, and the sensibility was higher with the GMF/GMR primers. In the study of 34 clinical samples, 18,5 percent were positive for M. genitalium, with more positive samples when the MgpF/MgpR primers were used. CONCLUSIONS: DNA amplification by PCR should be applied in clinical practice to the diagnosis of M. genitalium in patients with NGU should using.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at STI clinic.

A total of 100 consecutive patients who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic were studied. Thirteen had gonococcal urethritis, of which 10 showed growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on culture. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) method and beta lactamase production by chromogenic cephalosporin test. Four patients were co-infected with each of the following: HIV, HBV and Chlamydia trachomatis . Gonococcal urethritis (13%) was found more in male patients. Ten percent gonococcal isolates were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae , and another 10% were tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae .

Prevalence of genital chlamydia in Iranian males with urethritis attending clinics in Mashhad

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease which can cause severe consequences. Effective prevention requires knowledge of prevalence of infection in order to target interventions in a cost-effective manner. To determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in Mashhad, northeastern Islamic Republic of Iran, this study was performed among male patients with urethritis. Urethral discharge was collected from 150 patients. Cell culture was established for diagnosis of Chlamydia in genital specimens. Cell culture showed that 9.3% of patients in this study were infected with Chlamydia. This study provides strong evidence that prevalence of Chlamydia in our region is quite high, which necessitates screening and treatment for the infection

Crystal violet in culture media for diagnosis of neisseria species

Neisseria species are gram negative diplococci; an important characteristic of these bacteria is resistance against crystal violet. This study was done to investigate the effect of crystal violet on the growth of Neisseria, to observe the outcome of adding this substance in culture media for isolating these organisms, and finally to make a specific medium for isolation of the Nisseria species. The study was done in 3 phases: 1] Initially urethral discharge from 106 male patients with urethritis was cultured on NYC, chocolate agar and chocolate violet agar with various concentrations of violet from 1:100000 to 1:250000. We also made direct smears for gram stains. 2] Pharyngeal secretions from 230 healthy persons were cultured on chocolate agar, Muller Hinton agar, and Thayer Martin agar with different concentrations of violet between 1:50000 to 1:500000. Also direct smears were made for gram stains. 3] The standard strain of gonococcus [ATCC] were cultured on the three media. Concurrently we added various concentrations of violet from 1:50000 to 1:200000 to the above media and studied the effect of adding crystal violet on the growth of the standard strain. In first step, 69 out of 106 patients with urethritis were suspicious of gonorrhea, with positive culture of gonococcus on NYC medium from 64 patients. On chocolate agar only 54 positive cultures, [with 84% sensitivity against NCY medium], were seen together with a growth of normal flora. Chocolate agar plus violet in concentration 1:150000, showed 58 positive cultures, [with 91% sensitivity against NYC medium], with minimal growth of normal flora. In second step, 228 out of 230 healthy persons had positive culture of Neisseria, these organisms grew in different concentrations of crystal violet between 1:500000 and 1:50000. However, with minimal concentration of violet, there was a dense growth of normal flora and with gradual increase in concentration, normal flora grew sparsely. In direct exam, 228 cases of gram negative Neisseria like diplococci were observed. In third step, result of growth of the standard Neisseria gonorrhea in chocolate agar, Muller-Hinton agar and Thayer-Martin agar with and without different concentrations of crystal violet are as follow: In all media without crystal violet, the growth of the bacteria was perfect and abundant; while in media containing crystal violet, minimum colony count was observed in concentrations of 1:50000 and maximum colony count occurred at concentrations of 1:200000. To isolate pathogenic species of Neisseria, for e.g. gonococcus, we can use a specific chromogen medium like chocolate-violet agar 1:150000, or Thayer-Martin-violet agar or Muller-Hinton-violet agar with a concentration of 1:200000. Although nonpathogenic Neisseria have high resistance to crystal violet and were isolated from cultures with 1:50000 dilutions of this substance, but growth become sparse with higher concentrations. We can make chromogen media of varying strengths by adding different amounts of crystal violet in various media to get the desired results

Aplicación de método molecular en la detección de Mycoplasma genitalium en hombres y en mujeres embarazadas / Molecular detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in men and pregnant women

Mycoplasma genitalium es un patógeno oportunista del tracto genital. En el hombre es causa de uretritis, en tanto que en mujeres ha sido implicado en la etiología de cervicitis y de enfermedad inflamatoria pelviana (EIP). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de M. genitalium en pacientes masculinos con uretritis y en muestras vaginales de mujeres embarazadas. Se obtuvo muestras de secreción uretral en 37 pacientes con uretritis y de muestras vaginales de 50 consecutivas mujeres embarazadas, determinándose la presencia de M. genitalium mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). Las muestras de secreción uretral fueron también evaluadas en busca de Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae y Ureaplasma sp en tanto que en las de origen vaginal se investigó la microbiota y presencia de micoplasmas de tipo genital. Veintitrés casos fueron clasificados como uretritis no gonocóccica (UNG) y 14 como enfermedad gonocóccica. M. genitalium fue detectado en 3 de 23 (13,04 por ciento) varones con UNG; en dos casos asociado a Ureaplasma sp, y en un paciente como agente único. C. trachomatis fue detectado en 7 pacientes con UNG y en uno con gonorrea. Ureaplasma sp fue aislado en 13 (35,1 por ciento) pacientes, 8 casos de UNG y en 5 con gonorrea. El microorganismo fue detectado también en 6 (15 por ciento) de 40 mujeres; en 5 casos en presencia de microbiota normal (score de Nugent 0-3), y en un caso en presencia de vaginosis bacteriana. Ureaplasma spp fue aislado en las seis muestras positivas. En conclusión, este estudio demuestra que M. genitalium debe ser también considerado en la etiología de la UNG así como en el tracto genital inferior en la mujer embarazada, en presencia de una microbiota vaginal normal.

Infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en varones y su asociación con las alteraciones ginecológicas de su compañera sexual / Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and its association to gynecologic alterations of his sexual mate

Objective.To determinate the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples who attend to the infertility clinic at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, as well as to compare the clinical data and lifestyle between C. trachomatis-inifected and uninfected men to establish a possible association with gynecological damage in their sexual female partners. Methods. An open prospective study was performed in infertile couples, whose follow up was carried out at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia between June 2000 and April 2001. Urethral and cervical swabs were obtained from each couple and the specimens were subjected to a C. trachomatis-specific liquid-phase hibridization test (PACE-2) and routine microbiological analysis. Semen analysis were also included. A relative risk (RR) test was done to analyze variables and square chi test was used to analize clinical and gynecological data from female partners and data from semen examination. Statistical differences were considered as significant when the p value was below 0.05. Results. C. trachomatis active infection was found in 14 out of 384 urethral swabs (3.6%). No significant alterations were observed in semen samples of C. trachomatis-infected men, as compared to non-infected individuals. Microbiological analyses of semen showed a significant isolation o/Mycoplasma sp (RR = 5.87, IC95% 1.4-24.7). Eight out of fourteen female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were also infected with C. trachomatis (RR= 10.57, IC95% 5.67-19.7), Candida albicans was other pathogen isolated from 8/14 of those women (RR = 1.89, IC95% 1.17-3.05). Gynecological and obstetrical associations found among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected men were as follows: tubal adhesions in 10/14 (RR = 1.54, IC95% 1.08-2.18), salpingitis in 2/14 (RR = 2.2), history of ectopic pregnancies in 11/14 (RR =2.94, IC95% 1.01-8.53) and abnormal pregnancy loss in 9/14 (RR = 1.5). Conclusion. A low prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was observed among male partners of infertile couples as compared with other reports, but this discrepancy could be attributable to the specimen collection and diagnostic assay used. Otherwise, this data suggests that a chronic pathogen's antigenic stimulation may result in an increased formation of tubal adhesions and/or in ectopic pregnancies among female partners of C. trachomatis-infected individuals. Thus, preventive and control measures must be introduced into men's healthcare services, through laboratory and clinical examination, since these subjects are the main reservoirs of C trachomatis.

Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y comparar la información clínica y el estilo de vida de varones con y sin infección por este patógeno, así como su asociación con las alteraciones ginecológicas que presenta su compañera sexual en un grupo de parejas que asisten a la Clínica de Infertilidad del Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia de la Ciudad de México. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio abierto, longitudinal y prospectivo en un grupo de parejas con diagnóstico de infertilidad, que fueron tratadas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia durante el periodo de junio del 2000 a abril del 2001. Se recolectaron muestras uretrales y cervicales de cada pareja para el diagnóstico de C. trachomatis mediante la prueba de hibridación en fase líquida (PACE-2). También se recolectaron muestras de semen para el análisis de espermatobioscopia y se hicieron cultivos microbiológicos de rutina a las muestras cervicales y de semen. Los datos microbiológicos, clínicos y ginecológicos de los participantes fueron comparados por %z, el análisis de tendencia para proporciones fue usado para establecer el nivel de riesgo en las variables (RR). Las diferencias fueron consideradas estadísticamente significativas si p < 0.05. Resultados. Se analizaron un total de 384 muestras uretrales de varones, 14 presentaron infección activa por C. trachomatis (3.6%), Los datos de espermatobioscopia de los individuos positivos a C. trachomatis no mostraron alteraciones significativas con respecto al de varones no infectados con esta bacteria. El análisis microbiológico del semen mostró un número de aislamientos significativos de infección por Mycoplasma sp. (RR = 5.87, IC95% 1.40-24.70). En cuanto a las muestras cervicovaginales de mujeres con compañero sexual infectado por C. trachomatis, los patógenos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron: Candida albicans en ocho de 14 (RR = 1.89, IC95% 1.17-3.05) y C. trachomatis en ocho de 14 (RR = 10.57, IC95% 5.67-19.7). Las asociaciones ginecológicas y obstétricas de la compañera sexual de varones positivos a C. trachomatis fueron adherencias tubáricas en 10 de 14 (RR = 1.54, IC95% 1.08-2.18), salpingitis en dos de 14 (RR = 2.2), antecedentes de embarazos ectópicos en 11 de 14 casos (RR = 2.94, IC95% 1.01-8.53) y abortos previos en nueve de 14 (RR = 1.5). Conclusión. Se observó una baja prevalencia de infección por C. trachomatis en los varones de mujeres infértiles en comparación con lo reportado por otros autores, esta diferencia puede estar dada por el método de diagnóstico y la toma del producto. Estos resultados sugieren que el estímulo constante del patógeno produce un aumento de adherencias tubáricas y embarazos ectópicos en las compañeras sexuales de los varones infectados con C. trachomatis. Por lo que una evaluación diagnóstica y de laboratorio deberá ser llevada a cabo en el varón como una medida de prevención y control para la infección por este patógeno, ya que estos individuos actúan como reservónos importantes de infección.

Detecting of mycoplasma genitallium in male patients with urethritis symptoms in Turkey by polymerase chain reaction

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the urine samples of 63 male patients who had urethritis symptoms. Along with Neisseria gonorrhoeae [N. gonorrhoeae] and Chlamydia trachomatis [C. trachomatis]. We also investigated Mycoplasma hominis [M. hominis] and Ureaplasma urealyticum [U. urealyticum], both of which are known to cause urethritis. Microorganisms were investigated in urine samples of the patients with polymerase chain reaction. The study was conducted between September 2003 - February 2004 at the Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. A total of 63 urine samples were analyzed and 6 [9.52%] patients had N. gonorrhoeae, 4 [6.34%] had C. trachomatis, while 4 [6.34%] urines were positive in terms of M. genitalium. Nevertheless, 3 [4.76%] patients had U. urealyticum and 2 [3.17%] patients had M. hominis. One urine sample was positive in terms of both N. gonorrhoeae and U. urealyticum, and another urine sample was positive in terms of both M. hominis and U. urealyticum. The results were compared with the control group and found no statistically significant difference. Mycoplasma species are found in normal flora of urogenital system and also as an agent of urogenital infection. In our study, we found low microorganism rates when compared with Europe and America. This difference may be due to the conservative sexual behavior in Turkey

Chlamydia and fertility

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease all around the world. For a long time, Chlamydia trachomatis has been recognized as the common cause of urethritis, cervicitis, and other complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease [PID], ectopic pregnancy, etc. However, today there is more concern on its role in male and female fertility and infertility and many studies have concentrated on this issue all over the world. There is good evidence based on seroepidemiologic studies on relationship between serum Chlamydial antibodies and infertility due to tubal factor in women with or without PID. However, there are many questions about Chlamydia trachomatis and its influence on IVF outcome and the exsisting information is controversial. The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis on male infetility is under investigation and it seems able to cause destruction of different parts of male genital tract in addition to high rate of transmission to women. With regard to these data, it seems that prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydial infections are importart and cost effective

Relevant prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum serogroups in HIV-1 infected men without urethritis symptoms

M. hominis and U. urealyticum are the better-known mycoplasma species pathogenic to the human genitourinary tract, causing mainly urethritis, bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy complications. In HIV-infected patients, the prevalence and role of these species is still not well known. The aim of this work was to determinate the prevalence of these species in this group of male patients (HIV group), in comparison to a group of men with clinical symptoms of urethritis (STD group). M. hominis was isolated from 7.5 per cent patients (8/106) and U. urealyticum from 18.9 per cent patients (20/106) from the HIV group, being among these 62.5 per cent and 85 per cent in significant concentrations, respectively. In the STD group these rates were 0.9 per cent (1/110) for M. hominis and 13.6 per cent (15/110) for U. urealyticum, being 100 per cent and 93.3 per cent in significant concentrations, respectively. We could demonstrate infection rates by these mycoplasma species in the HIV group as high as the one found in the STD one, what may indicate the occurrence of opportunistic infections in our population. This fact is discussed here because in immunosuppressed patients, specially M. hominis has been reported causing severe infections, even systemically.

Antibiotics sensitivity pattern of N. gonorrhoeae with special emphasis on norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

The current study is carried out to find the in-vitro susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Gentamycin etc. in 110 isolates obtained from acute gonococcal urethritis confirmed by smear examination. The isolates obtained are from the patients attending the Skin and STD Clinic of a teaching hospital, clinically diagnosed as suffering from acute gonococcal urethritis. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Four to five similar well isolated colonies of the gonococcal strains were picked up with a wire loop and transferred to 5 cc of sterile trypticase soya broth (TSB). Tubes were incubated at 36 degrees C. GC agar base plates were inoculated with suspensions using a sterile cotton swab. Antibiotic discs were placed on these plates. The plates were incubated at 35 degrees C for 18-24 hours in a candle jar with 5-10% CO2. The plates were then observed to note the zones of inhibition around the discs. 87.27% of isolated strains were inhibited by norfloxacin at an MIC of 0.06 mu gm/ml; 89.08% of the strains were inhibited by ciprofloxacin at an MIC of 0.025 mu gm/ml. All the strains (110) were inhibited by ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 0.2 mu gm/ml. Gentamycin sensitivity was 86.36%. Out of 110 patients, 85 were treated with norfloxacin of which 81 (95.29%) were cured. Twenty five were treated with ciprofloxacin of which 24 (96%) were cured. This study shows high sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

Chlamydial urethral infection in male students in Chiang Mai: a screening test of urine deposits by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Adolescent males are considered to be an important genital chlamydial reservoir. However, there has been little information on urethral chlamydial infection in Thai adolescent males. About one fourth of males who are genital chlamydial reservoirs are asymptomatic. An appropriate means of defining the extent of chlamydial infection in adolescent males would be a non-invasive screening survey, instead of the conventional method of a deep swab cell culture, which is painful. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and to determine what factors should indicate the use of a screening test for urethral chlamydial infection in adolescent males residing in Chiang Mai. Chlamydial urethritis was detected by examining urine deposits for chlamydial antigen by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Infección por Chlamydia trachomatis en hombres chilenos asintomáticos y con uretritis: utilidad de la orina de primer chorro / Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymtomatic men with urethritis: usefulness of first catch urine samples

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for 30 to 50 percent of genital tract infections and is present, without symptoms, in 20 percent of men and 60 percent of women. We have little information in Chile about the prevalence of ths infection. Aim: to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in men, using first catch urine samples. Subjects and methods: three hundred and fifty one first catch urine samples of asymptomatic men and 50 samples coming from men with a primary urethritis, were analyzed. Urethral discharge samples from the latter were simultaneously studied. Analysis was performed using an enzyme immunoanalysis (MicroTrak Chlamydia EIA, Syva Co.) and a nested polymerase chain reaction towards the gene that codifies MOMP (PCR/OMP). Results: amoung asymptomatic men, two of 154 teenagers aged 18 to 19 years old (1.3 percent), 10 of 100 university students (10 percent) and eight of 97 adults over 30 years old (8.2 percent), were infected. The global prevalence of infection in these men was 5.7 percent. The prevalence of infection i men with urethritis was 12 percent. Urine EIA had a higher detection frequency than PCR/OMP, but according to another PCR assay, these results were false positives. EIA in first catch urine, had a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 83.3, 75, 31.3 and 97 percent respectively, for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. The figures for PCR/OMP were 100 percent for all these parameters. Conclusions: the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Chilean men is similar to that reported in developed countries. Enzyme immuno assay in first catch urine had a good diagnostic accuracy and could be used in epidemiological studies in asymptomatic men

Azitromicina en el tratamiento de uretritis agudas: primer estudio multicéntrico nacional de eficacia clínico-microbiológica / Azythromycin in the treatment of acute urethritis: first national multicentric study of clinico-microbiologic effectiveness

Objetivos: evaluar la actividad de los antibióticos recomendados contra N. gonorrhoeae; concomitantemente realizar un estudio de eficacia clínico microbiológica y seguridad con azitromicina (monodosis 1 g) en el tratamiento de uretritis aguda no complicada en hombres con diagnóstico etiológico conocido. Material y método: fueron estudiadas 46 cepas de N. gonorrhoeae aisladas de pacientes sin tratamiento previo durante el período de setiembre de 1994 a julio de 1995. Además se estudiaron 48 pacientes hombres que consultaron en policlínicas del Hospital Policial y Laboratorio Montevideo con uretritis. Se investigaron C. trachomatis; U. urealyticum y N. gonorrhoeae con valoración de su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) para los distintos antibióticos. Los pacientes fueron evaluados clínico-microbiologicamente a los 7, 15, 21 y 28 días del inicio del antibiótico. Resultados: en las 46 cepas, 25 fueron N. gonorroheae de penicilina sensibles (PEN sensibles).Para azitromicina la CIM 90 fue de 0,25 mg/l, para eritromicina la CIM 90 fue de 1 mg/l y para tetracilina la CIM 90 fue de 1,5 mg/l;no se encontró determinante de resistencia para ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxona, cefixime y espectinomicina. De los 48 pacientes, 40 fueron incluidos en el análisis de eficacia. Las etiologías fueron: N. gonorrhoeae en 17 con CIM 90 de 0,38 mg/l para azitromicina; C. trachomatis en 16, N. gonorrhoeae más C. trachomatis en 5 y U. urealyticum en 2. En el primer control se encontró erradicación microbiológica y cura clínica en 40/40 de los pacientes. La azitromicina fue bien tolerada; sólo tres pacientes presentaron efectos colaterales leves. Conclusiones: N. gonorrhoeae presentó CIM baja para azitromicina no existiendo determinantes de resistencias para ésta. La dosis de 1 g, fue bien tolerada, efectiva y práctica para el tratamiento de uretritis gonocóccica y no gonocóccica

Diagnóstico microbiológico de las uretritis en el hombre y evaluación de tres esquemas de tratamiento de la uretritis por U. urealyticum / Microbiological diagnosis of urethritis in male and evaluation of 3 treatment schemes of urthritis due to U. urealyticum

Se realizó estudio microbiológico de raspado uretral de 142 pacientes de sexo masculino que consultaron al policlínico de Venéreas del Hospital Base de Valdivia durante 1989, los cuales fueron enviados al Instituto de Microbiología Clínica de la Universidad Austral de Chile con diagnóstico clínico de uretritis. La prevalencia de Uretritis Gonocócicas (UG) y Uretritis no Gonocócica (UNG) fue de un 50 por ciento para ambos tipos. U. urealyticum fue aislado en el 38 por ciento de los casos de UG y en el 59.2 por ciento de las UNG. Además se evaluó la efectividad del tratamiento de las uretritis por U. urealyticum con tetraciclina en base a tres esquemas: 2g/día durante 7 días, 2 g/día durante 14 días y 2 g/dia durante 21 días. Por este motivo, se seleccionaron 59 pacientes con uretritis por U. urealyticum, obteniéndose un 57,6 por ciento de éxito en el total de los pacientes estudiados. La mayor efectividad en el tratamiento fue para el esquema de 21 días (77.8 por ciento) además a medida que aumentó la edad de los pacientes la efectividad fue disminuyendo y cuando U. urealyticum se encontró asociado a otros microorganismos se obtuvo un mayor éxito en los tratamientos

Incidencia d echlamidias trachomatis en pacientes con uretritis

Se pretende detectar las infecciones por Chlamida en pacientes masculinos con secreciones uretrales escogidos de la consuslta externa del departamento de Veneología de l Centro Sanitario de Santo Domingo, durante el período septiembre-noviembre de 1986. Se les investigó la secreción uretral a través del método de la inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta. 45 de 100 pacientes estudiados (45%) revelaron la presencia de Chlamidia trachomatis, de los cuales 18 casos (46%) estuvieron asociados a N. gonorreae: la edad más afectada fue la de 21 a 32 años con un 71.11%, los solteros con 55.6%, el 73% correspondió a la secreción purulenta y el 26.7% a la mucoide clara. En vista de que cuando se está frente a un paciente con secrección uretral purulenta en el primer diagnóstico que se piensa es un una uretritis gonocócica, es conveniente señalar uretral purulenta en el primer diagnóstico que se piensa es un una uretritis gonocócica, es conveniente señalar, principalmente al médico jóven, que también debe valorar la uretriitis por Chlamidia

Microbiological study of urethritis in men attending a STD clinic.

A microbiological study of 275 male patients suffering from urethritis and 100 healthy male controls showed that Neisseria gonorrhoeae (130), Ureaplasma urealyticum (81), Staphylococcus aureus (38), and alpha and beta streptococci (34) were the common isolates. Specificity and sensitivity of the direct fluorescent antibody technique in the detection of N. gonorrhoeae in 130 urethral samples, were found to be 100 per cent. Penicillin (10 units/disc) resistance was found in 36.93 per cent of N. gonorrhoeae. Minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin for 75 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae (including 5 beta lactamase producers) varied from 0.01-5 micrograms/ml with a 95 per cent confidence limit range of 0.26-0.61 microgram/ml. Most of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested were sensitive to norfloxacin and spectinomycin. Inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were observed in 25 patients.

Infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas en población pediátrica: detección de antígeno de Chlamydia trachomatis / Lower acute respiratory infections in pediatrics: Chlamydia trachomatis antigen detection

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la importancia de Chlamydia trachomatis como agente etiológico en infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en lactantes. Se seleccionaron 161 aspirados nasofaríngeos (ANF) de niños menores de 6 meses de edad con diagnóstico clínico de neumonía, o bronquiolitis en los que se investigó la presencia de antígeno de Ch.trachomatis por enzimoinmunoensayo (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott). Se conformaron dos grupos de niños con diagnóstico de IRA, 77 con diagnóstico etiológico viral o bacteriano y 84 niños en los que no se pudo identificar el agente patógeno. Se detectó antígeno de Ch. trachomatis en 45 de los 161 ANF estudiados (27,9 por ciento). De los 77 niños con IRA viral o bacteriana, el 36,4 por ciento resultó positivo para Ch. trachomatis mientras que en los 84 niños sin diagnóstico etiológico, el 20,2 por ciento fue positivo para Ch. trachomatis. La mayor frecuencia de detección de antígeno de Ch. trachomatis en niños con infección viral o bacteriana fue estadísticamente significativa. Con respecto a los diagnósticos clínicos, se detectó Ch. trachomatis en el 32,6 por ciento de las bronquiolitis y en el 25,4 por ciento de las neumonías totales estudiadas. Considerando exclusivamente las bronquiolitis y neumonías con diagnóstico previo de IRA viral, se detectó Ch. trachomatis en el 45 por ciento y 26 por ciento, respectivamente. Esto indica una elevada frecuencia de infecciones mixtas por Chlamydia-virus, en especial el virus Sincicial Respiratorio. El 64 por ciento (29/45) de los ANF positivos para Chlamydia correspondió a niños menores de 3 meses de edad, aunque se detectaron casos positivos hasta los 5 meses. Los resultados obtenidos señalan la importancia de CH. trachomatis en bronquiolitis o neumonías en niños menores de 6 meses de edad ya sea como único agente o asociada a virus respiratorios, en especial al Sincicial Respiratorio